PFAS, often termed “forever chemicals,” have been detected in water supplies across Canada. These synthetic compounds, historically used in products like nonstick cookware and waterproof clothing, are associated with various health concerns. In response, the Canadian government is taking significant steps to manage and mitigate the risks associated with PFAS. This includes adding this group of chemicals to its list of toxic substances, an important step toward stronger safety regulations.
What Are PFAS?
PFAS, which is short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of synthetic chemicals known for their resistance to heat, water and oil. Their strong carbon-fluorine bonds make them persistent in the environment and the human body, leading to the nickname “forever chemicals.” Since the 1940s, PFAS have been utilized in various applications, including firefighting foams, nonstick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics and food packaging. Their widespread use and environmental persistence raise concerns about potential health effects.
Environmental and Health Guidelines
Health Canada has developed guidelines designed to protect Canadians from PFAS exposure through soil and groundwater. These guidelines establish safe exposure levels and are regularly updated based on new scientific evidence. Additionally, a drinking water objective of 30 nanograms per litre (ng/L) for the sum of 25 specific PFAS has been established to reduce exposure through drinking water.
It is up to individual provinces and territories to determine how to enforce this guidance. While local utilities often follow Health Canada’s objectives as best practice, adoption of the PFAS guidelines has not yet been widely established. Québec and Ontario have been moving toward adopting Health Canada’s PFAS guidelines. Some other provinces, like British Columbia, conduct regular monitoring and risk assessments but have not formally adopted enforceable PFAS limits yet.
Ongoing initiatives include:
- Collecting and analyzing information on PFAS
- Reviewing international regulatory approaches
- Assessing new PFAS for potential risks
- Conducting regular monitoring and surveillance of PFAS in humans and the environment.
- Updating guidelines and screening values to ensure public safety.
Other Actions Against PFAS
According to the Government of Canada’s final State of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) report, multiple PFAS are present in Canada’s environment, wildlife and population.
Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), Canada is taking significant steps to control the use of some PFAS as part of a broader list of health guidelines related to the chemicals.
Mandatory Reporting Requirements
To enhance understanding and management of PFAS, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) introduced a mandatory reporting rule on July 27, 2024. This rule required individuals and entities that manufactured, imported or used PFAS in 2023 to report detailed information, including substance identities, uses, production volumes and disposal methods. The deadline for submission was January 29, 2025.
Prohibition Regulations
Under the Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations, 2012, Canada also has restricted the manufacture, use, sale and import of specific PFAS, including:
- Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS): Previously used in firefighting foams and stain repellents, PFOS is now largely prohibited, with limited exemptions being phased out.
- Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA): Commonly found in nonstick coatings and water-resistant textiles, PFOA is banned, with limited exemptions for use in fire protection equipment and some aerospace applications.
- Long-Chain Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (LC-PFCAs): These are part of a broader class of PFAS compounds known for their long-lasting chemical bonds. Used in various industrial applications, the production, import and sale of LC-PFCAs are prohibited, except for specific uses where alternatives are not yet available.
Implications for Businesses and Consumers
Businesses involved with PFAS must comply with Canadian regulations, including adhering to prohibitions and fulfilling reporting obligations. Non-compliance can result in legal consequences. Consumers are encouraged to stay informed about PFAS and support companies that prioritize safety and transparency in their products.
How to Avoid PFAS Exposure
Despite regulatory efforts, PFAS remains prevalent in many everyday products and the environment. However, there are ways to reduce your exposure. Here are practical steps to help limit contact with these “forever chemicals”:
- Get certified water filtration: Because adoption of PFAS-related drinking water guidelines is not yet consistent, installing a water filtration system certified for Total PFAS reduction is one of the best ways to protect against potential risk. It’s important to note that basic fridge or pitcher filters mainly address aesthetic issues like odor and taste; they may target some contaminants, but most aren’t designed to address PFAS. Look for an advanced filtration system like Culligan’s Aquasential® Smart Reverse Osmosis system, which can not only improve the taste of your drinking water but is also certified to reduce up to 90 contaminants, including Total PFAS. Some whole-home systems like Culligan’s Aquasential® Whole Home PFAS Water Filter can address forever chemicals as well. If you’re concerned, you can get a PFAS water test kit to measure levels of PFAS in your home’s water.
- Make smart product choices: Many non-stick cookware items, waterproof clothing and stain-resistant carpets contain PFAS. When possible, opt for alternatives labeled as PFAS-free. This includes switching to stainless steel or cast-iron cookware and avoiding fast food packaging that may be coated with PFAS
- Be mindful of personal care products: Some cosmetics, particularly waterproof mascaras, long-lasting foundations, and certain sunscreens, may contain PFAS. Check ingredient labels or look for certified PFAS-free products.
- Avoid stain-resistant treatments Stain-resistant sprays and coatings used on upholstery, carpets, and clothing may contain PFAS. Decline optional stain-proofing treatments and choose untreated materials whenever possible
- Stay informed: PFAS regulations and research are evolving. Keep up-to-date by following news from trusted sources like Health Canada and Environment and Climate Change Canada.
By incorporating these steps into your daily routine, you can reduce your PFAS exposure and support a healthier home environment.
The Future of PFAS in Canada
Canada’s regulatory framework for PFAS reflects a commitment to safeguarding environmental and public health. With these guidelines, Canada aims to lessen the risks associated with these persistent chemicals. Ongoing research, monitoring and risk assessments aim to further understand PFAS and develop strategies to mitigate their impact. Collaboration among government agencies, industries and consumers is essential to reduce exposure and protect future generations.
For more information on PFAS and water treatment solutions, consider seeking advice from water quality experts to assess and address potential concerns in your area. If you’re looking to take the first step, schedule your free in-home consultation with your local Culligan specialist today.